Bad Blood The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment by James H. Jones

Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment by James H. Jones Introduction The book BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT by James H. Jones was a very powerful compilation of years of astounding research, numerous interviews, and some very interesting positions on the ethical and moral issues associated with the study of human beings under the Public Health Service (PHS). The Tuskegee study had nothing to do with treatment Â… it was a nontherapeutic experiment, aimed at compiling data on the effects of the spontaneous evolution of syphilis in black males (Jones pg. 2). Jones is very opinionated throughout the book; however, he carefully documents the foundation of those opinions with quotes from letters and medical journals.†¦show more content†¦During this time the Rosenwald Fund was initiated by Julius Rosenwald to assist in educating the African-Americans in the South by supporting the construction of schools for black students. Shortly after the withdrawal of the Rosenwald Fund, Dr. Taliaferro Clark, who was selected by the surgeon general as the reviewer of the Rosenwald Fund, realized the potential of the opportunity to study Macon County Alabamas African-American males and sparked the idea of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. This study was the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history (Jones pg. 91). Therefore, Jones purpose was to document the experiment in a way that the reader would see all points of view, yet still realize without doubt, the implications of this study. Themes After reading this book, detailed notes were kept of strong boisterous points made, and were later categorized. A majority of these points were categorized as DECEITFUL. It was apparent that Dr. Clark and Dr. Raymond Vonderlehr, Public Health Service officer selected to be in charge of the study, were both well adverse in what the public would agree to, and would not agree to. This is evident throughout the book; however, one particular instance that stood out in my mind the most was the selling of the idea to the African-Americans through the use of the schools and churches. Because of these locations, the African-American males feltShow MoreRelatedBad Blood : The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment By James H. Jones2323 Words   |  10 PagesThe book, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, by James H. Jones, was one of the most influential books in today’s society. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment study began in 1932 and was terminated in 1972. This book reflects the hi story of African Americans in the mistrust of the health care system. According to Colin A. Palmer, â€Å"James H. Jones disturbing, but enlightening Bad Blood details an appalling instance of scientific deception. This dispassionate book discusses the Tuskegee experimentRead MoreEssay on tuskegee syphilis study1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical prospective study based on the differences between white and black males that began in the 1930’s. This study involved the mistreatment of black males and their families in an experimental study of the effects of untreated syphilis. With very little knowledge of the study or the disease by participants, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study can be seen as one of the worst forms of injustices in the United States history. Even though one could argue that the studyRead MoreBad Blood: the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essays1709 Words   |  7 PagesANALYSIS OF THE BOOK BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT Dr. Bradley Moody PUAD 6010 By 22 November 2004 Introduction The book BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT by James H. Jones was a very powerful compilation of years of astounding research, numerous interviews, and some very interesting positions on the ethical and moral issues associated with the study of human beings under the Public Health Service (PHS). The Tuskegee study had nothing to do with treatmentRead MoreTuskegee Case Study1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment was an unethical scientific study funded by the US Public Health Service that was performed on African American men in Macon County, Alabama that took place from 1932- 1972. The purpose of this experiment was to study the progress of untreated syphilis in African American men; a total of â€Å"600 black men – 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease.† (U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, 2013) The study was conducted under falseRead MoreTuskagee Study2295 Words   |  10 PagesElizabeth Reynolds Writing 5 Essay One Assignment: The Tuskegee Study Free at Last: the Center for Disease Control Ends and Ethical Research Practices Begin During the forty year Tuskegee Study, the government overstepped its duties and infringed on innocent African American lives. Researchers in Macon County, Alabama started this study in 1932 in order to examine the effects of untreated syphilis in African American men. The study began with 399 subjects with the disease and 201 withoutRead MoreMy Reflection On My Life At Bangladesh Fueled Passion Of Public Health1533 Words   |  7 Pagessocioeconomic barriers and deficiencies prevalent in the U.S., analyze the transformation of medicine in society throughout history, and understand the relationship of people and institution. I took a course in which we read Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (James H. Jones, 1993), which alarmed me about the issues of medical malpractice and ethics used by the United States Public Health Service in the early 20th century. Writing an analysis on the societal and racial disparities in this bookRead More Medical Research and Dependent People Es say3346 Words   |  14 Pagescurrent discussion in the medical literature of the kinds of consent and experiments appropriate in the Third World. I summarize the U.S. discussion and solution, present the current European discussion, and conclude with a proposal for understanding and organizing the participation of dependent people in medical experiments. Most of the attempts to understand dependent individuals’ participation in non-therapeutic experiments have attempted to assimilate that participation to a model of informedRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology

A Program For A Non Profit Telecommunications Company

The view is truly breath-taking thirteen-thousand feet over the Delmarva Peninsula. Ten years of anticipation and preparation had paid off, I went Skydiving and yes, I would go again. My thirst for adventure like my thirst for success has given me the desire to continue academic training. My undergraduate education has given me the ability to take on small tasks in the professional world as a Projects Coordinator for a non-profit telecommunications company. This company is young and has potential for growth, I believe the advanced knowledge of management theories and objectives will equip me to evaluate proper growth strategies. Along with experience, academic advancement will help me to succeed beyond my current capabilities, opening doors to higher levels of responsibility and compensation. Publically, I have taken on volunteer opportunities with local organizations that promote small businesses and community growth. I would like to become more involved with how these organizatio ns promote community participation, develop timeframes and raise funds. Goucher College, Masters in Art Management topics in organizational development, public participation, and fundraising align with my hunger to progress professionally. Additionally, Goucher’s campus community encompasses two of my biggest passions philanthropy and adventures. From the Food Recovery Network to the Outdoors club I am excited to interact with philanthropic, courageous, professionals while participating in theShow MoreRelatedA Program For A Non Profit Telecommunications Company Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesadventure like my thirst for success has given me the desire to continue academic training. My undergraduate education has given me the ability to take on small tasks in the professional world as a Projects Coordinator for a non-profit telecommunications company. This company is young and has potential for growth, I believe the advanced knowledge of management theories and objectives wil l better equip me to evaluate proper growth strategies. Along with experience, academic advancement will help meRead MoreAnalysis Of Verizon Communications Inc.1494 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis and Interpretation Organizations history: As a technology company, Verizon Communications Inc. has gained national recognition as being the #1 telecommunications network in America. This company has truly flourished, and expanded its services throughout the country, putting them in the lead of the telecommunications industry. Verizon started its true foundation in New York, but became incorporated in Delaware. The company was formed on June 30, 2000 by the merger of Bell Atlantic Corp andRead MoreSwot Analysis : Tesco Plc1416 Words   |  6 PagesTesco’s strengths is, the company has been positioned the third biggest grocery company globally, they operate in over 4,331 stores within the United States, Asia and Europe. As stated by (Euro monitor, 2010) in the United Kingdom Tesco sustained 30.7 per cent share in the grocery retail market. Throughout the years, the company also has had a great financial performance which emphasises their strategic abilities. According to (Research methodology, 2015) the company takes leadership in the groceryRead MoreGlobal Communications Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesOverview Global Communications is a telecommunications company who along with many others are struggling to stay in business. Their stock price has dropped over 50% in the last three years. A major problem afflicting this industry is competition between local, long distance, and international markets; they are all fighting for the same market share. Another problem is the entrance of cable companies into the industry offering packages that include telecommunication options along with services for computersRead MoreThe Media s Role Of The Press Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesTerm Paper: Telecommunications Act Melissa Kil COMM 300 11/22/16 For hundreds of years, the role of the press was to inform citizens of the truth and provide a launch point for discourse and debate, forming an important pillar of democracy. Today, there is still a widely held belief that the media is and should still serve as a guardian of the public interest. The sad reality however is that media does not and has not lived up to this ideal of a societal watchdog for decades. For the last fewRead MoreEssay on Access Control FInal Project1199 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ITT Technical institute – isc program Project: Access Control Proposal IS3230 - Access Control Bernard Downing David Crenshaw /2014 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Title of the project Access Control Proposal Project for IDI 1.2 Project schedule summary The project will be a multi-year phased approach to have all sites (except JV and SA) on the same hardware and software platforms. 1.3 Project deliverables †¢ Solutions to the issues that specifies location of IDI is facing †¢ Plans to implement corporate-wideRead MoreIS3230 Access Security Final Project Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagesto the current version will be required. As a result, renewing this product will be extremely cost and time-prohibitive. ï‚ § RouteSim is a destination delivery program used to simulate routes, costs, and profits. It is not integrated into Logisuite or Oracle financials to take advantage of the databases for real-ime currency valuaion and profit or loss projections. ï‚ § IDI’s office automation hardware and software has not been standardized. Managers have too much liberty to buy what they want accordingRead MorePotential Merger Of Starhub And Mobile Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesmobile one will be biggest threats to SingTel’s number one position in Singapore for mobile markets. With the competitive market, SingTel will have to fight against star hub and mobile one through price, promotions and advertisings since all three companies’ main business are in provision of mobile plans and sales of mobiles. SingTel may need to improve customer service further to create superior customer service that tag to their brand. With the basic SWOT analysis, the advantages of the new productRead MoreCase Study : Telstra Corporation Limited949 Words   |  4 PagesGroup Assignment Telstra Introduction Telstra Corporation Limited (known as Telstra) is Australia s biggest and leading telecommunications and media organization operating since 1901, which creates and runs telecommunications systems and markets voice, mobile, web access, pay TV and other entertainment items and administrations. In Australia Telstra provide 16.9 million mobile services, 7.2 million fixed voice services and 3.3 million retail fixed broadband services and that’s why we have an globalRead More Data Mining in a Nut Shell Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesData Mining in a Nut Shell In today’s business world, information about the customer is a necessity for a businesses trying to maximize its profits. A new, and important, tool in gaining this knowledge is Data Mining. Data Mining is a set of automated procedures used to find previously unknown patterns and relationships in data. These patterns and relationships, once extracted, can be used to make valid predictions about the behavior of the customer. Data Mining is generally used for

Climate Changes Impact On Coral Reefs Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

This undertaking is given by our instructor and we were supposed to compose about the clime alterations. I decided to compose about the subject â€Å" coral reef † . I want to cognize more about coral reefs, non merely the general facts about how they look like or what sort of coloring material they have, but more about the interesting facts. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Changes Impact On Coral Reefs Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why are they of import today, how we as human ruin them and what we can to halt this procedure? As it says on International Coral Reef Initiative â€Å" For the first clip since 1998, mass coral bleaching is impacting coral reefs across a broad country of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. Bleaching has been reported in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Maldives, and parts of E Africa. I know it exists menaces against coral reefs, and I want to larn more about them and what are the effects of e.g. coral bleaching. In the quotation mark above it says that coral bleaching is increasing. Why? What are coral reefs? Coral reefs, indicated by ruddy points, are found preponderantly in tropical Waterss 30 grades north and South of the equator Coral reefs are among the oldest ecosystems in the universe. They are located 30 grades north or South of the equator, chiefly in the Indonesia and Pacific Ocean. In the Bahamas at 32 grades at that place exists an exclusion. The coral reefs can populate at that place because of the warm H2O from the Gulf of Mexico. Today the coral reefs are the largest life construction on Earth and the Great Barrier Reef is the largest individual construction in the universe Coral are single animate beings and a individual coral is called polyp. Largely the polyp live in groups of 100s to 1000s indistinguishable animate beings, and organize a â€Å" settlement † . The procedure which formed the settlement is called budding and literally the original polyp transcripts itself and the settlement grows. There exist two ways for the coral to turn either add to their limestone or reproducing. When a coral attention deficit disorder to their limestone is means that they secrete more calcium carbonate around and under their cup. The coral will so turn both upwards and outwards. The 2nd method is by reproducing either asexually or sexually. In the nonsexual manner the coral produced indistinguishable ringers or in a sexual manner by directing out sperm or eggs. Corals are divided into three different types depending on where signifier. The first one and most common is fringing reefs. They are close to the seashore and they form a boundary line to project themselves. Barrier reefs are another type and are similar to fringing reef. These besides environment land multitudes, but form a boundary line at a distance. The 3rd group of reef are called atolls and are either egg-shaped or round. They are lying off the seashore. ( See beginning 4 + 6 ) Why are corals of import? Today coral reefs are of import and necessary in the universe. Great Barrier Reef, which is the universe largest reef, stretches along the nor’-east cost of Australia. The reef consist of over 3A 000 single reef and has a length of 30A 000 kilometers. It is really possible to see it from the outer infinite. A satellite exposure of the Great Barrier Reef The reef includes 400 coral species, 2A 000 fish species and six of seven species of sea polo-necks. There are many different types of coral which have assorted colorss. ( See beginning 3 ) Why are the corals deceasing? There are many menaces to coral reefs. Some menaces are natural happening such as marauders and hurricanes. These are made of course, but because of planetary warming the menaces harmonizing to the coral reefs addition. Others menaces are made by human among them overfishing and pollutions. Consequence of coral bleaching Marauders and hurricanes are natural happening and it is difficult to make something about these happening because they happen of course, still increasing of rainfall over a long period lessening coral growing. The coral reefs need sunlight, clear H2O, seawater with a specific salt and warm H2O ( 23 – 29 grades Celsius ) to populate. However, addition in the temperature degree and altered salt affects the coral reefs severely. Merely one grade rise in temperature influences the coral. The harm is called coral bleaching and involves that the coral expels the algae which gives the coral its coloring material. Alternatively of being colorful the coral takes on a blunt white visual aspect. The algae do n’t return if the emphasis is prolonged and as a consequence the coral dies. â€Å" The bleaching is really strong throughout Southeast Asia and the cardinal Indian Ocean. The studies are that it is the worst since 1997/1998. This is a truly immense event and we are travelin g to see a batch of corals deceasing † says Dr Mark Eakin Overfishing is a menace made by human. Today many people are dependent on fish as an income and nutrient, still overfishing is a job. It affects the coral by â€Å" taking cardinal species from the marine nutrient concatenation † . Furthermore the methods used to catch fish can besides be harmful to the coral. For case 15 states use nitrile fishing which involves dumping toxicant onto reefs to stupefy fish for easier assemblage. The toxicant does n’t merely impact the fish, but besides the reefs. Another sensational method is called blast fishing, utilizing explosives to stupefy fish, and the method is used by more than 40 states. As a consequence of the detonation the coral are ripped apart and destroyed. On the other manus, addition of the H2O degree increases the thriving for harmful algae and other rivals. More rivals and harmful algae mean less infinite for the coral to growing. Likewise out of use sunlight lessening the growing for a coral and the coral can deceas e. ( See beginning 5 ) Decision â€Å" Seventy per centum of coral reefs may be gone in less than 40 old ages if the present rate of devastation continues † . This destructing procedure has to be stopped, and it needs to be shortly. Coral reefs are place to over 1 million different species and protect the coastal metropoliss. In add-on to this, coral reefs create 1000000s of occupation and unafraid income for many people in more than 100 states in the universe. However coral reefs are a nutrient beginning for the people who live near the reefs, particularly the people on little islands. Another interesting fact is that without the being of coral reefs, parts of Florida would be under H2O. ( See beginning 7 ) Beginnings hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=coral ( 06.12.2010 ) reef.htmHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=coral ( 06.12.2010 ) reef.htm A ; url=http: //www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/greatbarrierreef/ † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=coral ( 06.12.2010 ) reef.htm A ; url=http: //www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/greatbarrierreef/ † url=http: //www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/greatbarrierreef/ ( 06.12.2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=coral-reef.htmHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=coral-reef.htm A ; url=http: //www.nature.org/joinanddonate/rescuereef/explore/facts.html † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=coral-reef.htm A ; url=http: //www.nature.org/joinanddonate/rescuereef/explore/facts.html † url=http: //www.nature.org/joinanddonate/rescuereef/explore/facts.html ( 06.12.2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //animals.howstuffworks.com/marine-life/coral-reef1.htm ( 06.12.2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //animals.howstuffworks.com/marine-life/coral-reef2.htm ( 06.12.2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icriforum.org/about-coral-reefs/what-are-corals ( 06.12.10 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icriforum.org/about-coral-reefs/benefits-coral-reefs ( 06.12.2010 ) How to cite Climate Changes Impact On Coral Reefs Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Underage Drinking free essay sample

There are several problems caused by underage drinking; furthermore, this is a serious disease. Most teenagers have a greater record of underage drinking compared to young people 20 years ago. There are more accidents and deaths now as a result of underage alcohol consumption. Subsequently, we are for the banning of underage drinking. First of all, alcohol causes many problems for society nowadays. Alcohol has been used throughout history for various reasons. According to the medical Encyclopedia, alcoholism is an illness marked by drinking alcoholic beverages to excess. As long as alcohol consumption is not at a level that interferes with physical health, it is not a problem. There are two types of alcoholism: dependence and abuse; however, both of them could cause many problems in society. Alcoholism has a large effect in youth; there are more than 10. 4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 who suffer from it. Second, the difference between social drinking and alcohol has changed a lot over time. Share with them the risks and give them some facts that inform them to take responsible actions instead of actions that could harm themselves or other people. Persuasive Speaking Strategy: Ethos Introduction: Attention Material: Each year, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking; this includes about 1,900 deaths from motor vehicle crashes, 1,600 as a result of homicides, 300 from suicide, as well as hundreds from other injuries such as falls, burns, and drownings. Credibility Statement: Underage drinking can not only bring harm to you but also to your family. Audience Involvement: Have you ever been involved in a teenage drinking incident? Yes, ofcourse we all have because we’ve all been teenagers but have we all handled it in the right way is the key question? Preview of Ideas: Today I will explain to you the different techniques and ways to keep your child from not being an addition to the skyrocketing percentage rate we have on teenage drinking in America. Transition into Body: First we will start off with my main point that underage drinking can have major consequences. Body I. First Main Point: Underage drinking can have serious consequences. A. Subpoint: You can protect your children from the risks associated with drinking by maintaining open communication and expressing a clear, consistent message about alcohol. 1. Sub-subpoint: Building a close relationship with your kids will make it easier for them to come to you for help in making decisions that impact their health and well-being. 2. Sub-subpoint: Parents need to be there for their teens, especially if you see that they need help B. Subpoint: Parents need to keep tabs on where their child goes and offer them their assistance such as driving them home from a party if they drank too much to drive themselves home. 1. Sub-subpoint: Studies show adolescents whose parents closely monitor their activities are less likely to use alcohol or to be in risky situations involving alcohol. 2. Sub-subpoint: _ If they were scared of the situation like people getting so drunk that they are being wild and dangerous to the people around them at a party. Transition: Now that I have shown you some of the ways connecting with your children can help reduce teenage drinking, I will now demonstrate how parents setting a good example for their children helps teenage drinking. This can also reduce teenage drinking by seeing adults being mature with alcohol these days. Visual Aids: Now, I’m going to show you a powerpoint of some graphs that have actually decreased the teenage drinking problem because of communicating effectively with their parents or even just adults in general. II. Second Main Point: Parents or adults being able to set good examples for their children would reduce teenage drinking. A. Subpoint: parents should set good examples for their kids so they learn what to do in that situation and they need help 1. Sub-subpoint: If one parent is a heavy drinker, the childs chances of becoming a heavy drinker increase by two or three times more than if the parents are not heavy drinker. 2. Sub-subpoint: Teens need to take responsibility for their own actions. Teens need to have communication with their family and friends. B. Subpoint: Teens need to watch out for their friends if they have had too much to drink so you can take the responsibility to be the designated driver. 1. Sub-subpoint: Teens need to know when to stop so they don’t binge drink on alcohol and harm their body. 2. Sub-subpoint: Know what you are doing to you body and the effects. Like having liver problems when you are older. And Heart and central nervous system damage. You get bad hangovers and impaired judgment, which can lead to accidents during drunk driving. (Transition: Now that I have demonstrated both the good examples, and behavior with friends I will now summarize to you what it is about. Conclusion Summary Statement: To summarize, teen alcohol abuse can be prevented by good communication between parents and teens, between teens and their peers, and by awareness of the effects that alcohol can have. Thesis and Main Points Reviewed: To persuade my audience that communication between parents and teens can reduce the incidence of adolescent alcohol abuse and drunk driving related deaths. Parental awareness and involvement is essential to keeping teens safe. Parents need to teach their children how to keep safe in situations involving alcohol. Share with them the risks and give them some facts that inform them to take responsible actions instead of actions that could harm themselves or other people. Keeping our teens safe, and communicating with adults helps our teenage drinking levels to top skyrocketing with good communication. Appeal to Audience: I hope that this speech gave you all a little insight on how to help the situation with underage drinking. Concluding Remarks: Now, hopefully you can spread some of these facts and reduce underage drinking.

Quality Assurance Standards and Business Excellence Models

Truck Driver Training Take No Shortcuts!

Truck Driver Training Take No Shortcuts! The greatest threat to the trucking industry today isn’t automation or poorly maintained roads- it’s the devaluing of quality driver training by trucking companies. Smart-Tucking.com highlights this disturbing trend, and what can be done to reverse it. It’s a sad truth- some trucking companies would rather spend their money on the latest technological bells and whistles to avoid expensive accidents than invest in qualified, well-trained drivers. Sure, crash warning alert systems, anti-rollover systems, and speed limiting and monitoring technologies are great steps toward an accident-free highway, but it shouldn’t come at the expense of forgetting the fundamentals- great drivers.Truckers are more than just â€Å"warm bodies† behind the wheel- they are skilled professionals that are tasked with making key decisions on the road, ensuring that precious cargo arrives on time and in tact. Many smaller companies are more apt to recognize the value of drive r training, which might be why their accident rates are often far lower than the big companies!Bottom line: Poorly trained drivers are a bad investment. Sure, it may be a quick way for companies to divert their cash into other areas, but anything that puts the safety of truckers- and their fellow drivers on the road- at risk is a bad idea. Proper training will help save lives and make the roads safer for everyone. What’s more important and valuable than that?

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

Leadership - Essay Example Managers study motivation behavior in order to optimize human resource towards achieving organizations’ set objectives. Different workers respond differently to motivation. This makes management a complex endeavor since different workers will follow different motivational patterns or fall under different motivational theories. This necessitates managers to study motivational behavior (Gupta n.d). Douglas McGregor developed two theories of human motivation. According to theory X, it is assumed that workers will naturally stay in idle state unless prompted to work under coercion or other forms of motivation. This calls for a lot of supervision under a hierarchical form human resource management. This theory has been criticized for lack of economies of scale especially in large organizations where much of the work force would be deployed towards managing other employees. Theory Y is a reverse of theory X. According to this theory, employees are inherently self-driven and motivated to work such that work is a natural activity. However, the theory posits that capacity is usually underutilized and therefore, it is the work of the management to use different motivational approaches to optimize the human resource. Creating a favorable work environment that would meet each worker’s expectations for motivation is the greatest challenge facing this

Recent Organizational Innovations such as TQM and BPR Essay

Recent Organizational Innovations such as TQM and BPR - Essay Example For example, they are responsible for correct approach, implementation and meeting of goals plus objectives that are set by the company (Tuckman 1994, p. 733). The recent innovation defies traditional management approaches and incorporates best methods that suits organizations needs. Innovation management is important in organizations due to its ability to change and integrate various processes such as those of products. This ensures that the ideas generated transform into successful market ventures. The idea of innovation is beyond the non technological innovation considering the organizational innovation seen as in various angles (Tuckman 1994, p. 735). Innovations in the workplace are responsible for the success and conduct of the workers in an organization (Knights & McCabe 1998, p.173). Employees have sufficient freedom although they have a defined responsibility. They require various skills and knowledge to enhance the association between the technological and organizational in novation. The level of innovation depends on the size of organization. Large organizations have the ability to initiate changes due to access of various resources. They are more established than smaller organizations hence will have the power to plan and implement their objectives according to the schedules. In various companies, technological and non technological innovations associate largely (Tuckman 1994, p. 747). It is possible that product plus process innovations relate to enhance various operations in a firm. However, organizational structure may have effects on this relationship. Organizational innovations concentrate on customer issues such as feedbacks to the customers plus the suppliers of the organization. The main aim is to reduce costs and improve revenues of the company. Total quality management TQM This is a type of organizational innovation that is under product and service practices. This innovation is a form of quality revolution arising in recent past. It deals with procedures that affect customers for services and commodities in terms of delivering quality products and services (Knights & McCabe 1998, p.176). TQM depicts how the top management performs their roles in the organization. The innovation has altered the conduct of workers because of the accountability it grants to them. TQM allows each employee an opportunity to participate in quality improvements of products plus services (Tuckman 1994). Their roles widen in order to meet the set goals concerning product quality. TQM enhance workers emphasis on the mission plus visions of an organization, and adherence to procedures in order to achieve objectives. TQM management concept entails various themes that are useful in organizations. TQM is able to transform the work environment as it ensures quality for products and services in which workers and the management has to participate keenly. TQM entails various changes including programs whose aim is to alter the approach to employee ass ociations. This helps employee’s participation in issues concerning quality services (Crosby 1979, p.7). Some notions of TQM view workers as the greatest enhancers of success in an organization. An important aspect of TQM program is that it can be changed to conform to requirements of any organization. Managers of all levels can incorporate TQM to fit their management perspectives entailing quality principles and

The Manipulation of Language used in Brave New World and Animal Farm Essay

The Manipulation of Language used in Brave New World and Animal Farm - Essay Example In doing so, there is chaos and disturbance which gives the reader an apocalyptic image of the world. For example, in Brave New World the society is made to conform to a certain culture and belief system. It is trained into believing that everyone is destined to be in the role that they have been placed into, by influence as the Director of Hatcheries in the novel puts it: "that is the secret of happiness and virtue - liking what you've got to do. All conditioning aims at that: making people like their inescapable social destiny.† (Huxley, Ch. 1. 1946). The Director of Hatcheries uses his language to keep all the lower classes content with what they had and to explain to them that that was the only way that they could lead a life. Mustapha Mond believes that the future idealistic world will consist of conditioned and processed humans who will submit to the social conventionality. Hence, he governs a very surreal image of humans who are driven away from books and obliged to chas e after science. Mond uses his knowledge of the Bible and language of Shakespeare to control a totalitarian state. He makes language a paradox for others, so much so that when John quotes the words from The Tempest, â€Å"brave new world†, there is more hostility involved in it than awe because Mustapha Mond creates the World State to look at things in such a manner. Likewise, the language of the pigs becomes ridiculously elitist, controlling, incoherent and a meandering discourse when they speak. This technique highlights the usurpation of power as one of the dominant themes of the novel. The language controls the reality. The linguistic skills of the pigs overpower the undersized language of the rest of the animals. The novel opens with the narrative that quickly ascertains the dominance of language through the speech of old Major who â€Å"was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to sayâ⠂¬  (Orwell, Ch.1. 1954). This sets an authoritative and paternal language structure which is hammered into the other animals like a mandatory act or law even after his death: â€Å"Our lives are miserable, laborious and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the  last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth. But is this simply part of the order of nature?† (Orwell, Ch.1. 1954) This is probably the most ironic speech in the novel. What Old Major believes he and his fellow animal kingdom has witnessed about humans, the animals have to undergo under the pigs’ rule after Old Major’s depart ure. When Orwell says â€Å"The great enemy of clear language is insincerity† (Orwell, PE, 1947, para 13) he means precisely under these circumstances. He emphasizes that dictatorship ruins the language of a particular region according to history. The pigs are insincere towards their fellow

Relationship Between Family Poverty and Child Development

Relationship Between Family Poverty and Child Development How is family poverty related to childhood development? It is well documented that family poverty has a negative effect on childhood development (Horgan, 2007) but the many variations in how family poverty is related to childhood development via various pathways is of great importance to parents, health and education professionals as they work to improve the outcomes for children; â€Å"maximising the opportunities open to them – improving their life chances and changing the odds in their favour.† Every child matters. When considering how family poverty is related to childhood development, it is firstly important to define poverty. Engle Black note that this is a difficult task and question whether it should be ‘defined in economic terms, or as part of a broader social disadvantage’. In economic terms, the UK government, the European Union and many other countries use 60 per cent of median household income as the poverty ‘threshold’. (Poverty and Social Exclusion poverty.ac.uk) although by their own admission ‘without validation from direct measures of people’s living standards, is essentially arbitrary’. Sen describes poverty as ‘capability deprivation’ and argues that we should take a more ‘activity-oriented view of human beings’. These activities can vary from ‘physical ones as being well nourished, being adequately clothed and sheltered, avoiding preventable morbidity, and so forth, to more complex social achievements such as taking part in the life of the community, being able to appear in public without shame.’ As a result of this, when considering how family poverty is related to childhood development this essay will consider both direct economic effects and also the effects of broader social disadvantage. Similarly it is also difficult to define ‘childhood development’. Indeed Engle et al note that ‘there are no globally accepted indicators for child development’ They do however concede that ‘child development is often measured through individual assessments of developmental changes in multiple domains (eg, cognitive, language and social-emotional)’. One measure of cognition is academic achievement and this is used by various studies as a measure of child outcome (CITE). One of the main reasons for family poverty can be the family unit itself. Fiori (2005) states that â€Å"Economic theory predicts that the two-parent family is among the best-functioning forms of capitalist society because it allows for the provision of household services by one partner and economic resources by the other, and as such it is an efficient system for maximising utility and the human capital of children† Consequently, supporting evidence has found that children from a lone parent family generally have a poorer academic outcome but do not fare poorer psychologically (Mclanahan and Sandefur, 1994). The reason for this is often attributed to the ‘pathology of matriarchy’ hypothesis (Moynihan) which suggests that the absence of a father is destructive to children, particularly boys, because children will lack the economic resources, role models, discipline, structure and guidance that a father provides. The effects of family structure on family poverty and subsequently child outcome is of high importance, with marriage emerging high on the U.S. policy agenda in recent years as a tool for improving child outcomes (Nock) and marriage allowance in the UK allowing a person to reduce their spouses’ tax bill if one partner earns an income below the personal allowance limit (CITE), again alleviating financial stresses which can have a negative effect on child outcome. Hann et al (2003) found that when controlling for income, single-mother families were not significantly different from two-parent families for child outcome. This suggests that it is family poverty itself (that typically results from family disruption) that is the major explanation for children’s lower attainments. Direct effects of family poverty affect childhood development by increasing risk factors, limiting protective factors and reducing opportunities for stimulation and enrichment. Children from low-income families are more likely to receive insufficient nutrition and also be overweight, two factors commonly associated with food insecurity (Cook). The amount of families in the UK struggling to buy basic items such as food is increasing. The Trussel Trust reported that their 445 foodbanks fed 913,138 people nationwide from 2013-2014 and of those helped, 330,205 were children.’ A lack of a balanced diet can affect childrens development both directly and indirectly. Innis has shown that fatty acids such as those found in certain types of fish and nuts assist healthy brain development and reductions in these fatty acids is associated with cognitive and behavioural impairments; the effect of family poverty on childhood development via a poor diet is a very real possibility even in a country such as the United Kingdom. Another direct effect of poverty is the fact that parents in low-income families often have lower levels education and this has a negative impact on their ability to provide a positive, intellectually stimulating environment for their children (Coleman). Hart Todd found that children from professional families that were strongly associated with higher parent education levels and higher family income were spoken to more than children from working class or welfare recipient families and so had a larger cumulative vocabulary. By the age of just three, Hart Todd observed â€Å"the cumulative vocabulary for children in the professional families was about 1,100 words. For children from working class families, the observed cumulative vocabulary was about 750 words and for children from welfare-recipient families it was just above 500 words†. Hart Todd conclude that the most important element of a child’s language development is quantity of conversation and thus it is easy to see how in a ‘traditional’ two-parent family (as previously mentioned) the division of responsibilities allows for increased time to talk to children. Hart Todd also found that children from professional families heard a higher ratio of encouragements to discouragements than their working class and welfare-supported counterparts. Henderlong Lepper found that encouragement is beneficial to the intrinsic motivation of a child (provided it is perceived as sincere) and this will also have a positive effect on child development. Baumrind (1971) defined three parenting types: permissive: parents who are more responsive than demanding; authoritarian: parents who are demanding and directive, but not responsive, and authoritative: parents who are both demanding and responsive. Hoff et al found that in all cultures parents with lower socio-economic-status (SES) are more likely to use ‘authoritarian’ parenting styles than those in higher SES brackets. They are also less likely to be nurturant or to supervise their children adequately, and more likely to use inconsistent, erratic and harsh discipline (Elder et al., 1985); adversely affecting child development. As well as the direct effects of family poverty on child development, as suggested by Engle and Black it is also important to consider moderated effects of poverty and how these can vary across characteristics of families and children. Whilst considering how family poverty affects childhood development, it is important to fully consider the many varying reasons as to why a family may be experiencing poverty. Some of the varying reasons found by Hobcraft for family poverty include: non-traditional structures; lone parents and parents in reconstituted families, households where no adult is in employment or are in poorly paid employment, households headed by a teenage parent, households that include a sick or disabled child, have a child or children under five or have a large number of children. Given this, it is quite understandable that families can find themselves in a state of poverty through no fault of their own. However, their background will affect how they deal with this experience of poverty and more importantly how this poverty will affect the development of any children. Parents of children who are poorly educated or have poor decision making skills could find it more difficult to protect their children from the effects of poverty than families who are better educated, with rational decision making skill and in a similar situation. Cooper Stewart demonstrate using the Family Investment Model that parents who are better educated or have more money are able to financially invest in their children more, either because they have more disposable income or because they choose to forgo other expenses for the sake of purchasing their children educationally enhancing materials such as books. This is supported by the findings of Davis-Kean who found that family income and education had a positive impact on parental educational expectations and resultantly reading (which is strongly correlated to child achievement), with children reading more for pleasure and having more books in the house. Similarly the work of Bradley, Whiteside and Mundfrom that found that children living in poverty who were showing early signs of resilience compared with other children also living in poverty received ‘more responsive, accepting, stimulating and organised care’. Another way that family characteristics moderate the link between family poverty and child development is via social selection. Conger Donnellan consider poverty as â€Å"a constellation of outcomes that are potentially influenced by individual differences in traits such as intelligence and personality† that subsequently affects childhood development. Mayer (1997) proposed that â€Å"parental characteristics that employers value and are willing to pay for, such as skills, diligence, honesty, good health, and reliability, also improve children’s life chances, independent of their effect on parents’ income. Children of parents with these attributes do well even when their parents do not have much income†. These characteristics can be passed on either genetically or through nurture and can act as a ‘buffer’ to the damaging effects of poverty on childhood development. This is supported by the work of Davis-Kean who found a significant correlation between parental warmth (how nurturing parents are towards their children involving desirable traits such as positive feelings, praise, responding) and child achievement (although interestingly, only within African American families as opposed to European American families in this study). Alongside the direct and moderated effects of poverty on childhood development it is also necessary to consider the mediated effects of family poverty on childhood development. As demonstrated by Engle Black, in mediated models it is through disruptions in family function that the effects of poverty are felt and result in negative effects on childhood development. Conger Donnellan reviewed seven papers that have applied the Family Stress Model (FSM) across a widely varying demographics. The FSM overwhelmingly supports the view that poverty leads to family stress and this has a negative impact on parental mental health and increasing the likelihood of parents using harsh authoritarian parenting styles. There is strong evidence for parental mental health impacting on child behaviour. The work of Weissman et al (2006) who found that the children of mothers who remained depressed were far more likely to develop their own symptoms and diagnosis than children of parents who went into remission. This is similarly supported by Galler et al who found that postpartum maternal mental anxiety (PPMHA) was a significant predictor of lower exam scores at eleven to twelve years of age. Importantly, Galler et al found that background variables such as young maternal age at the time of her first pregnancy, more children in the home, less maternal education, and fewer home conveniences (all indicators of family poverty) were closely correlated with PPMHA, but crucially they found that PPMHA was still a significant predictor of lower exam scores even when all these background variables were controlled for. Ram and Hou suggest that lone parents—usually mothers—must spend longer hours outside the home working to offset the economic losses they have suffered from the marital breakup and consequently do not spend enough time with their children. More importantly however, when considering mediated effects of poverty, they also found that depression and lower levels of psychological well-being occur more often amongst these parents and also negatively influences the quality of parenting and children’s behavioral problems, explaining why children in disrupted families experience severe emotional and behavioral problems. Interestingly however, Ram and Hou found that parental depression and low levels of psychological well-being have almost no effect on cognitive development; highlighting the many varying elements of childhood development. Finally as noted by Engle and Black it is important to consider transactional models, where the effects of poverty interact between families and children. As previously noted, families can moderate and mediate the effects of poverty on children, similarly the children’s characteristics can have a similar effect. Whilst typical family structure can positively affect family poverty and childhood development, evidence also suggests that the quality of family relations can also play a large part in childhood development. Children whose parents often argue (independent of divorce) score worse on measures of academic achievement, behavior problems, psychological well-being, and adult relationship quality; they are also more likely to form families early and outside of marriage (Musick Meier). One of these reasons is low levels of parental education. Belsky (2013) has subsequently found a correlation between childhood obesity and intelligence in children as young as three; highlighting the relationship between poverty and child development. Evans et al found that families experiencing poverty are more likely to face chaotic living conditions than are their middle- and upper-income counterparts. Chaos is characterised by â€Å"high levels of ambient stimulation (e.g., noise, crowding), minimal structure and routine,and considerable unpredictability and confusion in daily activities.† Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that the most basic needs: physiological (food, shelter etc) and safety (security of body, employment, family etc) love and belonging (friendship, family intimacy etc) and esteem (self esteem, confidence, respect of others etc) must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the growth need of ‘self actualisation’. Childhood development can be largely grouped into two categories: psychopathology e.g. internalising (emotional problems) and externalising (behavioural problems; and academic achievement). References Horgan, G. (2007). The impact of poverty on young childrens experience of school. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Engle, P. L., Black, M. M. (2008). The effect of poverty on child development and educational outcomes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1136(1), 243-256. Sen, A. (1992). The political economy of targeting. Washington, DC: World Bank. Engle, P. L., Black, M. M., Behrman, J. R., De Mello, M. C., Gertler, P. J., Kapiriri, L., International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. The Lancet, 369(9557), 229-242. Broadhead, P. (2007). A Vision for Universal Pre-School Education-by Edward Zigler, Walter S. Gilliam and Stephanie M. Jones. British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(2), 227-229. Cook, J. T., Frank, D. A., Levenson, S. M., Neault, N. B., Heeren, T. C., Black, M. M., Chilton, M. (2006). Child food insecurity increases risks posed by household food insecurity to young childrens health. The Journal of nutrition, 136(4), 1073-1076. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review,50(4), 370. Belsky, D. W., Caspi, A., Goldman-Mellor, S., Meier, M. H., Ramrakha, S., Poulton, R., Moffitt, T. E. (2013). Is obesity associated with a decline in intelligence quotient during the first half of the life course?. American journal of epidemiology, 178(9), 1461-1468. Trussell Trust Foodbanks Use Tops One Million. (2015). Retrieved May 24, 2015, from http://www.trusselltrust.org/stats Innis, S. M. (2007). Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development. The Journal of nutrition, 137(4), 855-859. Flouri, E. (2005). Fathering and child outcomes. John Wiley Sons. McLanahan, S., Sandefur, G. (2009). Growing up with a single parent: What hurts, what helps. Harvard University Press. Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. 1965. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor Nock, S. L. (2005). Marriage as a public issue. The Future of Children, 15(2), 13-32. Marriage Allowance https://www.gov.uk/marriage-allowance-guide Musick, K., Meier, A. (2010). Are both parents always better than one? Parental conflict and young adult well-being. Social Science Research, 39(5), 814-830. Han, W. J., Huang, C. C., Garfinkel, I. (2003). The Importance of Family Structure and Family Income on Familys Educational Expenditure and Childrens College Attendance Empirical Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Family Issues, 24(6), 753-786. Henderlong, J., Lepper, M. R. (2002). The effects of praise on childrens intrinsic motivation: a review and synthesis. Psychological bulletin, 128(5), 774. Conger, R. D., Donnellan, M. B. (2007). An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 175-199. Bradley, R. H., Whiteside, L., Mundfrom, D. J., Casey, P. H., Kelleher, K. J., Pope, S. K. (1994). Early indications of resilience and their relation to experiences in the home environments of low birthweight, premature children living in poverty. Child development, 65(2), 346-360. Cooper, K., Stewart, K. (2013). Does Money Affect Childrens Outcomes?: A Systematic Review. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Shipler, D. K. (2008). The working poor: Invisible in America. Vintage. Chicago. Mayer S. 1997. What Money Can’t Buy: Family Income and Children’s Life Chances. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Talati, A., Wisniewski, S. R., Fava, M., Rush, A. J. (2006). Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: a STAR* D-child report. Jama, 295(12), 1389-1398. Galler, J. R., Ramsey, F. C., Harrison, R. H., Taylor, J., Cumberbatch, G., Forde, V. (2004). Postpartum maternal moods and infant size predict performance on a national high school entrance examination. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(6), 1064-1075. Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., Salpekar, N. (2005). The role of chaos in poverty and childrens socioemotional adjustment.Psychological Science, 16(7), 560-565. Ram, B., Hou, F. (2003). Changes in family structure and child outcomes: Roles of economic and familial resources. Policy Studies Journal, 31(3), 309-330. Hyde, J. S., Elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Quest, N. M., Goldsmith, H. H., Biesanz, J. C. (2004). Childrens temperament and behavior problems predict their employed mothers work functioning. Child Development, 75(2), 580-594.

The Scarlet Letter :: Literary Analysis, Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne has introduced a character that has been judged harshly. Because, she has been misinformed of her husband’s death; therefore, she was greave and had sought comfort resulting in a baby from the lover whom gave her comfort. When her secret had been discovered she was isolated for committing a treacherous crime of adultery, as one of her punishments she was forced to wear an A on her chest. The novel presents a structure of a society, using symbolism and diction to give underline meaning to the themes, portraying religious tendencies ruled by the philosophy of good and evil. Puritans believed in strict religious dedications, by trying to follow the holy commandment. â€Å"The discipline of the family, in those days, was of a far more rigid kind than now.†(Hawthorne 9). They wanted to be considered the holiest of all people because they try to reflect a world of perfection in the sight of God. While they where trying to portray a holy life; however, they where also living a sinful life because they have been judgmental, slandering, uncompassionate, resentment, and forbearing, which are all sinful acts of the bible. Hester is being considered as the devil (Bellis 1), which is a sign that the town’s people are slanderous and judgmental. Their judgment has caused her to be isolated. â€Å"†¦ A woman who had once been innocent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is now considered as â€Å"†¦the reality of sin† (Hawthorne 39). They look at her as a threat diminishing their community’s chance for purification because â€Å"there was the taint of deepest sin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hawthorne 24). My apprehension of Pearl is that she is the fruit of evil, because she is seen as â€Å"immortal† (Hawthorne 11). Because, she has caused a ruckus, her immoral acts have disturbed the nature of their society. They think this is morally correct because, â€Å"Political and generational ambivalence has its psychological counterpart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bellis 2), which give them the right to make her an evil outcast. Pearl is said to symbolize the result of sin but her character as a child have placed an innocent view of her contribution to the story. As any mother would accept their child she have accepted her â€Å"†¦ torture, none the less! Pearl keeps me here in life! Pearl punishes me too!†(Hawthorne 38). Hester â€Å"represent the violation of social contract† (Egan1), because of her simple imperfection of â€Å"struggles to meet the social demands. The Scarlet Letter :: Literary Analysis, Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne has introduced a character that has been judged harshly. Because, she has been misinformed of her husband’s death; therefore, she was greave and had sought comfort resulting in a baby from the lover whom gave her comfort. When her secret had been discovered she was isolated for committing a treacherous crime of adultery, as one of her punishments she was forced to wear an A on her chest. The novel presents a structure of a society, using symbolism and diction to give underline meaning to the themes, portraying religious tendencies ruled by the philosophy of good and evil. Puritans believed in strict religious dedications, by trying to follow the holy commandment. â€Å"The discipline of the family, in those days, was of a far more rigid kind than now.†(Hawthorne 9). They wanted to be considered the holiest of all people because they try to reflect a world of perfection in the sight of God. While they where trying to portray a holy life; however, they where also living a sinful life because they have been judgmental, slandering, uncompassionate, resentment, and forbearing, which are all sinful acts of the bible. Hester is being considered as the devil (Bellis 1), which is a sign that the town’s people are slanderous and judgmental. Their judgment has caused her to be isolated. â€Å"†¦ A woman who had once been innocent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is now considered as â€Å"†¦the reality of sin† (Hawthorne 39). They look at her as a threat diminishing their community’s chance for purification because â€Å"there was the taint of deepest sin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hawthorne 24). My apprehension of Pearl is that she is the fruit of evil, because she is seen as â€Å"immortal† (Hawthorne 11). Because, she has caused a ruckus, her immoral acts have disturbed the nature of their society. They think this is morally correct because, â€Å"Political and generational ambivalence has its psychological counterpart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bellis 2), which give them the right to make her an evil outcast. Pearl is said to symbolize the result of sin but her character as a child have placed an innocent view of her contribution to the story. As any mother would accept their child she have accepted her â€Å"†¦ torture, none the less! Pearl keeps me here in life! Pearl punishes me too!†(Hawthorne 38). Hester â€Å"represent the violation of social contract† (Egan1), because of her simple imperfection of â€Å"struggles to meet the social demands.

Ta Diploma Course Assignment 4

Teaching Assistant Diploma Course Questions on Assignment Four. Explain the legal responsibilities of the school relating to the duty of care and the welfare of the child. All adults working on behalf of, or alongside children have a responsibility to keep them safe. Key people working in schools have responsibilities laid out in child protection laws. The Children Act 1989 states that the welfare of the child is paramount and sets out to detail what Local Authorities and Courts should do to protect children.A school should designate a Senior Teacher with specific responsibilities for child protection, this teacher should be clear about what children are on the Child Protection Register & the key professionals involved with the family, the boundaries of confidentiality, and their training needs in relation to child protection. They should be clear about their role in offering advice and guidance to other colleagues who are unfamiliar with the child protection process. In small school s the designated teacher is usually the Head Teacher, however no one person should be responsible for more than 250 pupils.Teachers have a duty of care to their students and as they have daily contact with them they are able to observe and detect any signs of abuse, neglect, failure to develop or changing behaviour. If a member of staff has any knowledge or suspicion that a child is, or has been suffering harm they must express their concern to the designated member of staff as soon as possible. All allegations should be taken seriously and the student involved should be informed that the information can’t be kept confidential and must be passed on to the designated member of staff in the school.Staff that receive any allegations of abuse or neglect must make an immediate written record of the conversation including all dates and times of reported incidents, the names of all of the people involved, nature of abuse and if any injuries have been observed. The designated Child P rotection Co-ordinator will then notify Social Services by telephone and then confirm the allegations in writing, which is to be signed and dated by the referrer. The Children Act 2004 sets out the process for providing services to children so that every child is able to achieve the five outcomes described in the Every Child Matters green aper, and all schools should aim to support this new approach to the well-being of children and support them in achieving these goals. The five outcomes of the Every Child Matters approach are to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make positive contributions and finally, to achieve economic well-being. It is very important that support is given to children both at home and school as parents and teachers are the biggest influence in a child’s life.Discuss 5 important school and statutory frameworks that directly impact on the teaching assistants work with pupils. Teaching assistant need to be aware of all school and statutory framework s affecting the content and delivery of the curriculum, child protection, health and safety and any other aspects of school life, especially the frameworks that directly impact on their own work with pupils. The first framework that directly impacts the teaching assistant is the Equal Opportunities framework.The teaching assistant has an important role in ensuring that each pupil has equal access to learning opportunities. Teaching assistants are often hired to help individuals or groups of pupils to provide additional or different support in order to achieve equality of opportunity. On some occasions, under constant supervision from the class teacher, teaching assistants may be asked to work with the whole class so that the class teacher can focus on helping individual pupils who may be finding their work difficult.The second framework a teaching assistant should be aware of is Health, Safety and Hygiene. This is a high priority in any school setting because of the importance of pr otecting any person in that setting, for example the pupils, staff or school visitors. Every school will have policies and procedures that outline the intensions to implement Health and Safety legislations and how to put these into practice. The framework and policies to be followed should be known and understood by all staff and parents.The policies should cover such areas as the role of the Safety Officer, dealing with accidents, accident prevention and food storage. The third framework that has a direct impact for the teaching assistant is confidentiality. Teaching assistants must follow all policies and procedures outlined in the framework when it comes to confidentiality. This requirement covers information on colleagues and pupils and extends to communications with others in work related situations and social situations. The fourth framework is Diversity.Teaching assistants should always demonstrate the values of every pupils personal, racial, or any other characteristics so t hat they can develop a sense of identity and build up their self esteem. It will also promote an understanding and appreciation of different cultures and religious beliefs in all pupils. The fifth and final framework is Supporting Inclusion. Some teaching assistants are employed with certain responsibilities to work with individual pupils whereas others are given more general responsibilities in the classroom.No matter what responsibilities a teaching assistant has, supporting inclusion is a key element. A teaching assistant should aim to facilitate learning and participation to build confidence and self esteem as well as independence so that all pupils are able to fulfil their full potential alongside their classmates. Describe the teaching assistants role in helping to keep the environment for children safe, healthy and hygienic. The teaching assistant has a big role in helping the class teacher to keep the environment for children safe, healthy and hygienic.The teaching assistant should liaise with the class teacher at the start of the lesson to determine what materials or equipment will be needed for the lesson. The teaching assistant would then need to ensure that the work environment is clean and safe and that all of the equipment is also clean and safe for the children to use. The teaching assistant must also make sure that the environment is equipped with a first aid box, fire appliances for example a fire extinguisher, smoke detectors and an alarm, and signs to mark fire escape routes.The teaching assistant should ensure that all pupils that will be working in the environment are clear and understand the procedures and rules to follow in the event of a fire, the teaching assistant should also reiterate what the class teacher has taught the pupils with regards to this. The teaching assistant must also make sure that there are soft surfaces and safety mats for activity play, and ensure that that are all in good, clean condition. It is the teaching assis tants job to make sure that the washing acilities are clean and that there are paper towels, liquid soap and nail brushes available to the children. The teaching assistant also has a responsibility to ensure that all the children wash their hands after activities and also clean their equipment. After the activities are over, it is the job of the teaching assistant to clean the environment making sure that it is clean, safe and hygienic. It is very important that all cleaning products such as disinfectant are kept in safe storage where they cannot fall and cause injury, and where the children cannot access them without the help of a responsible adult.There should also be clean cloths for cleaning the learning environment before and after activities, and these should be cleaned thoroughly after use. By doing these tasks, the teaching assistant is ensuring a safe and happy learning environment for the teacher, pupils and also the teaching assistant. How would you carry out a risk asses sment whilst organising a game of football in the school playground. A risk assessment is a careful examination of what could cause harm or pose a threat to children so that one can judge if enough precautions have been taken to prevent it.Control measures are the procedures used to eliminate or reduce the risk of harm. To carry out a risk assessment the steps taken should be to check for hazards, deciding where improvements are needed and in what areas, developing a plan of action that specifies the actions required, the timescale for action, the person responsible for the action and any funds that may be required. A risk assessment should also ask questions that give a yes or no answer, but should also leave space for any additional comments or plans for improvement.The questions should be devised to outline potential problems with the premises used, the equipment used by staff and pupils and the activities performed by practitioners, volunteers and children. There should also be a risk assessment checklist including things such as security, windows, doors and floors, storage, outdoor area, procedure for adults, hygiene, fire, first aid and medication. To carry out a risk assessment whilst organising a game of football in the school playground the teaching assistant must first check for any hazards in and around the playground, for example holes or uneven surfaces on the layground, broken glass, stones or loose gravel. They must then decide what areas need attention and develop an action plan. The next step is to answer the questions that the risk assessment asks, and make any further comments or observations and concerns. Then comes the checklist, every item that will be used for the football game needs to be inspected to ensure that there are no problems and that they pose no threat to pupils, for example, the football nets must be safe and secure to make sure that no harm will come to the children by using them.Everything on the checklist should be up to the standards set in the health and safety legislation, this includes storage space, heating and lighting, footballs, nets, cones or markers, or any clothing the pupils, teachers or other people involved may have to wear. Once any hazard or potential threat has been identified they must be dealt with and sometimes this will happen in two stages. The first stage is to take immediate action to prevent danger in the short term and the second stage is to take more permanent long term action to prevent it from happening again.Once the risk assessment has been performed and any hazards have been eliminated the football game can take place. What training needs may exist for a teaching assistant and how best might they be identified and met. A teaching assistant is always under the watchful eye of the class teacher and the line manager, who are key elements in determining what level of training needs are needed. The line manager is responsible for all issues concerned with teaching assistan ts including recruitment, induction, deployment, timetabling, professional review, training and performance.The line manager also deals with concerns and day to day issues. Regular meetings should be held between the line manager and teaching assistant to discuss any problems or issues that the teaching assistant may be encountering, and the line manager will also keep the teaching assistant up to date with all school development. Decisions regarding a teaching assistants professional and personal development must be a joint agreement with the line manager. By meeting with the line manager on a regular basis a teaching assistant should learn how to form a realistic judgement of their progress and if any further training is needed.There are many training options available to teaching assistants and by determining how much progress they have made it will determine what level of further training they need. DFES induction course are run by Local Authorities , they run induction programm es as well as additional courses covering a range of issues that are relevant to teaching assistants. Then there is Local Authority run training, most Local Authorities run a range of courses that teaching assistants have the opportunity to sign up for.The next option would be school based training; this is training that happens in a school setting, the school should support a wide range of professional and personal development approaches including in-school training using the expertise available in the school. More in-school training could come in the form of distance learning such as Stonebridge college courses, or practical experience; working voluntarily in a school setting is a way to build up a good knowledge of what to expect in a school setting.Involvement in local and national networks would also be a step towards further training. The final option would be long term training in a college or university studying towards an NVQ or degree. Talking to the line manager will help in determining the best option for the teaching assistant and how to go about finding more information on the chosen option. Discuss the teaching assistants role with regards to the promotion of equal opportunities and diversity. Teaching assistants have an important role in the promotion of diversity and equal opportunities.A written policy for equal opportunities will help to ensure that equal opportunities are given to all children and their families throughout every aspect of the school. To provide a school setting that celebrates diversity and does not discriminate against pupils is to ensure that there are certain practices in place, for example ensuring that parental activities are accessible to all parents and children and that all activities reflect the backgrounds of all the families in the community. The way that adults treat children will have a huge influence on them.To promote equal opportunities and celebrate diversity the school should aim to follow practices such a s avoiding stereotyping. The way adults act can send strong messages to a child about the appropriate ways for them to act. For example, suggesting that it is ok for a boy to do something but not for a girl to do the same sends a negative message to the pupils and can restrict possibilities for future development by limiting their expectations of the roles they can play in life. All children develop misconceptions about various racial and cultural groups from the media and the society that we live in.Therefore the environment that they are brought up in is an important way of helping to overcome stereotyping. Also, by treating every child equally a teaching assistant may have to treat them differently to other pupils so that they can adapt appropriately to meet their individual needs and characteristics. Making sure that children have equal opportunities to learn will help them to get the most out of life. There are also legal requirements relating to equal opportunities and to prev ent discriminatory practice and the expression of prejudice.The laws can prevent frameworks that make certain practices punishable but can’t change people’s attitudes. Children Act 1989 is a good example of a law that actively encourages good anti-racist and anti-discriminatory practice. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 aims to stop gender discrimination. And then there is The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which works to stop discrimination against disabled people in employment, and in the provision of goods or services. A teaching assistant is a big role model to children and by promoting these values it should encourage pupils to embrace these values too.

Laertes and Hamlet Essays

Laertes and Hamlet Essays Laertes and Hamlet Paper Laertes and Hamlet Paper Hamlet does not have the character to be a revenger, he can say he words, make promises to himself and others but when faced with the situation he cannot do it. Laertes has similarities with Fortinbras in the way he conducts his revenge he too is a man of action, and unlike Hamlet ready to fight anyone who he thinks may have had something to do with his fathers death. His readiness to believe that Hamlet is responsible for all the tragic events in the court during his absence and his willingness to go farther than the King to ensure that Hamlet will be killed in the fencing are witness to this. He is a very powerful character and behaves in a way Hamlet wishes he himself could act. Laertes is extremely angry, he thinks that Polonius should have been given a better burial and this spurs on his desire for revenge. In Act IV scene V it is announced that Laertes has burst into the court with a band if men threatening the lie of the king, whom he takes to be his fathers killer. Claudius knows that he must have Laertes on his side in order to keep the Danes on his side and to hold his position as king. He is scared Laertes will lead the Danes against him. So, almost immediately he devises a plan to keep Laertes on his side and protect himself from Hamlet at the same time. In other words, he uses Laertes to scheme against Hamlet, to save his own life. When Laertes returns from France Claudius jumps on the opportunity provided by Laertes fury at his fathers death. The King skilfully quietens Laertes and leads him to the plot by which Laertes will be the instrument of Hamlets death, as the king desires. Claudius spends a lot of time convincing Laertes of his innocence and Hamlets guilt, and hegoes on persuading Laertes until his mind is made up for him: he is determined to kill Hamlet. This is exactly what Claudius wanted and Laertes is now so angry at Hamlet he is prepared to do anything. Claudius is very sneaky in how he goes about talking to Laertes. And where thoffence is let the great axe fall. (Act IV scene v Line 213). Here is shown to already be fuelling Laertes desire for revenge and he is leading him straight to Hamlet. The King finishes his work of convincing Laertes that Hamlet, not he himself, is guilty of Poloniuss death and Ophelias madness. At first Laertes mistrusts him: why is Hamlet still free? The king makes a good case: he will not kill him for fear of alienating his queens affection, and, the people of Denmark love their prince. Instead he whips Laertes into a passionate desire for vengeance on Hamlet. In Act IV scene vii when the messenger brings the letters from Hamlet, Claudius is shocked Hamlet is still alive but does not allow it to weaken his control over Laertes. Laertes is desperate at this point having learned of his fathers death and seen Ophelia in a terrible state right before his eyes, and he unlike Hamlet, helped by encouragement from Claudius is ready to take revenge. Im lost in it, my lord. But let him come; It warms the very sickness in my heart, That I shall live and tell him to his teeth, Thus diddest thou. (Act IV, Scene VII Lines 53-56). Laertes is very active in his thoughts of revenge, he doesnt hold back; this is very different to Hamlets behaviour. Although Laertes does let Claudius take control of his revenge, not because he isnt capable of doing it himself but because Claudius provides such a good case that he should do it and Laertes should just focus on actually killing Hamlet. Throughout this scene Claudius builds up Laertes desire for revenge to such a point that Laertes is even prepared to take Hamlets life in a church. Claudius needs Hamlet out the way as soon as possible but is very devious and in his speech to Laertes drops no hints that any of the revenge he is planning on Hamlet is for his own purpose. That we would do, We should do when we would; for this would changes (Act IV, Scene VII Lines 118-119). Claudius tells Laertes that they should do at once what they want to do kill Hamlet or otherwise they will be influenced not to like Hamlet. This is ironic because Hamlets actions are continually put off by thought. Claudius is deadly, he has everything planned out the fencing the poisoning and he has Laertes to do the deed for him who has the motive to leave Claudius free of any blame. Laertes, like Fortinbras, has revengeful characteristics. It is not hard for him to think about murder and he agrees to Claudius plans straightaway he doesnt delay his actions, unlike Hamlet. This shows the audience the great difference in personalities between the revenge characters. When Laertes learns of Ophelias death it adds to his rage and his desire to kill Hamlet. Laertes is distraught at his sisters death, especially the way in which her funeral service was carried out, this adds to his hatred of Hamlet and leads to their fight in Ophelias grave when both characters seem prepared to kill each other. Fortinbras is not one of the main characters in the play, but he is always somewhere in the background. He is a definite man of action willing to fight whoever whenever. He is also very clever, in his first appearance in Act IV Scene IV, when he and his army are on an expedition to Poland to fight over a piece of disputed territory. The audience may realise that Fortinbras perhaps has an alterior motive to pass through Denmark on the way to Poland linked to his desire for revenge. He is perhaps passing through to see whats going on, to see whether an invasion would be a good idea at that particular point in time. Unlike Laertes and Hamlet, Fortinbras revenge is laid out to him on a plate; he barely has to lift a finger before he finds himself in the perfect position to take over Denmark. The most we see of Fortinbras is in the last scene after nearly all of the main characters have been killed. This quarry cries on havoc. O proud death, What feast is toward in thine eternal cell, That thou so many princes at a shot So bloodily hast struck? (Act V Scene II Lines 346-349). Here Fortinbras is basically saying that the heap of bodies cry out for merciless slaughter in revenge (havoc). To cry havoc was to give army the signal to break ranks and plunder what they had conquered. Fortinbras realises the opportunities now open for him, now that the royalty of Denmark are dead and he seizes these opportunities. I have some rights of memory in this kingdom, Which now to claim my vantage doth invite me (Act V Scene II Lines 371-372). Fortinbras knows he has the rights to the crown of Denmark, as well as to Norway, and now the opportunity invites him to claim his rights. Horatio tells Fortinbras that Hamlets dying wish was that Fortinbras would take the throne. Hamlet realised what would be best for Denmark and its future. Fortinbras is a replacement approved by Hamlet himself. This is how Shakespeare ends the play. The final scene is the climax of the revenge theme in the play. The three characters are each involved and each gets their revenge in one way or another. Laertes kills Hamlet with his poisoned foil. Hamlet kills Claudius though even at this point in the play Hamlet is avenging his mothers death not only his fathers and it is perhaps this a murder committed right before his eyes- which actually forces him to kill Claudius and when he does it is particularly striking that at this moment Hamlet utters not one word concerning the assassination of his father. Fortinbras arrives at the court to find the King Queen and heir to the throne dead and the position as king of Denmark wide open to him, none of which is through his own doing. Fortinbras symbolises the outside world breaking into the play the court destroying the vicious circle of love, hate and revenge. It is therefore very important. He provides a contrast to the rotten, poisoned state of Denmark. In Conclusion, revenge is one of the most important themes within hamlet. The differences in the ways Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras conduct their revenge lead to many of the events throughout the play and raise their interest value to the audience. The revengers are wholly responsible for the dramatic climax at the end of the play and the many deaths within it. Even though Claudius helps Laertes, and Hamlet should have taken his revenge much earlier on in the play. The final event of Fortinbras gaining the title King of Denmark is the climax of the revenge theme. The play begins with showing the strict security at Denmark because they fear invasion from Norway, but it ends with the Court of Elsinore and the position of ruler held within it left wide open for Fortinbras to take. This shows the total collapse of Denmark caused by the corruption and the revenge led by the characters throughout the play. Claudius efforts to kill hamlet paid off, but he got killed in the process, as well as his wife, therefore losing his position as King. Hamlet got revenge on Claudius but it was perhaps not justified. Laertes got his revenge on Hamlet but in the end made peace with him by asking Hamlet for an exchange of forgiveness, he wants them to die as friends. Many people have questioned why hamlet delayed his revenge, but there really is nothing surprising about it. It is one of the ways in which Shakespeare links hamlet to everyday life, to show him as human. It is the nature of all human beings to put off a searching task or an impelling duty involving something disagreeable or worse. (A man who has to write a difficult letter will tidy his desk e.g. before he begins). So with Hamlet; the delay is simple and can be matched with a similar inclination in us all. Shakespeare humanized Hamlet; the evidence talked about in this essay suggests that Hamlet is really delaying action because it is human to do so, and not part of his character. The events of the last scene are not what the audience would have expected to happen. One way to explain this is that Shakespeare wanted to disrupt the conventions of classical tragedy, which he may have seen as too heavily laden with stereotypes. His Macbeth, Othello, Brutus, even his King Lear, are, from the first act, so imprisoned in conventional attitudes that they become perfectly predictable. But, not in Hamlet; Shakespeare surprises us at each turn, it is the unpredictable, which dominates, and the final scene has only tenuous connections with the first act. Maybe Shakespeare chose in the final analysis only to present the themes, which for him had any fundamental importance: doubt and uncertainty therefore perhaps anticipating the theatre of the absurd and making it so popular.

Nissan culture Essay Example

Nissan culture Essay Example Nissan culture Essay Nissan culture Essay Product recall Opportunity 1 -Growing demand for environmental friendly vehicles 2-Growth with new strategic partnerships 3-lingering fuel price Threats 1- Decreasing fuel price 2-Piercing competition among automobile companies 3- Natural Disasters 4-lingering cost of raw materials 5-Appreciating Yen exchange rate He was successful to change the profitability of the factory by implementing strategies such as cutting unnecessary expenses by closing inefficient sites, reducing workforces, utilizing less expensive materials, sharing operations with Renault, introducing new products. He improve the efficiency and flexibility of his business and inspire sense of internationalism. A. He could change the atmosphere of his company from a local firm to an international one. The first step to reach this goal was the incentive scheme for mangers who can learn English. By encouraging them and making English as official language of Ionians, he made his company culture closer to a global firm. B . Global strategy view Ionians strategy in purchasing, engineering and production became global. It invested 45 million dollars in its engineering centre near Tokyo to combine its engineering and production activities in one place. Not only Ionians had factories in key markets such as Britain, France and the US but also the cites in China, Taiwan and the Philippines were built to make use of low labors cost in these countries . Shoguns focus on R was a key role in his success. By reinvesting 5% of net sales in new technologies, the Mississippi planet only introduced four models in less than eight months. All these characteristics mentioned, depict that Chosen is a Visionary Leader. To differentiate Ionians position from its competitors and become distinguished in global scale. The nature of Niacins international strategy creates a level of management in which having international vision, allocating resources and participating in international markets are high priorities.

Should English be declared as an official language in the United Research Paper

Should English be declared as an official language in the United States - Research Paper Example On the other hand, people are arguing that English should be made an official Language because it promotes the cohesiveness of the country. I feel that immigrants should learn English at their own will and benefit. Though Official English cohorts assert that America needs English-Only as law as making it the official language will segregate the immigrants, English needs no defender as it is the language with the fastest expanding usage worldwide. While the English cohorts also argue that Official English will speed up English assimilation, statistics prove otherwise by the waiting list for English as a second language, which would be cut down by law. Statistics show that in that last two centuries, proponents for having English as an official language have justified their position by stating only tow main themes, patriotism and rational and racism. Official English also can contribute to segregation of U.S. citizens from noncitizens, despite their country of residence. Let us have Be lgium, Turkey and Canada as examples: In these countries, no hitch was experienced and benefit achieved by the proposed law on having one official language. This should to be taken as a lesson to the Americans. Having English as an official Language will make communication for non-English speaking immigrants extremely hard. Federal publications in other languages, for instance, are used to clarify tax laws, veterans’ benefits, consumer protection, medical precautions, fair housing rules, and business regulations. The process involved in enacting the rules governing law, and its implementation is also wanting. Yaldem points out that there will be need to have departments to define English and how it must officially be used. Alignment on how it is to be taught in schools and creating a list of possible exceptions with the likes of airport signs should also be implemented. Such processes are too involving and costly thus not worth it. The most affected are non English speaking i mmigrants because accessing and rendering services becomes a significant problem. Communication is an essential aspect of the day to day life. Without it, it leads to frustrations and other adverse psychological traumas associated. Making English as an official Language in America will deny foreigners a chance to live in United States as the foreigners will be expected to be in a position to speak English before they are allowed entry into the country. Immigration interpreters who help during mental and physical examination of aliens seeking entry to the State will not be availed which means the burden of communication lies squarely on the foreigners. The immigrants involved in court cases will also have a rough time in defending themselves because of lack of interpreters in civic, federal and criminal proceedings. Accessing social and health care services becomes a problem too. Employing people with a variety of languages is advantageous especially in public places such as in hospi tals as it makes communication easy among people from different backgrounds hence this should be taken into consideration by those proponents of a single official language. Since early 19th century, United States has been allowing immigrants to the country. An analysis made from the census report indicates that there has been a fast growth in immigrants learning English. The number of immigrants who have developed interest in learning English has grown from 1.9 percent to 6.2 percent

Solve general biology 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Solve general biology 1 - Essay Example   CAM plants  have temporal adaptations which allow the fixation of carbon dioxide through stomata only during the night, while C4 plants exhibit morphological adaptations and can keep stomata partially open during the day even under hot and dry temperatures, storing the fixed carbon in specialized cells. Links to Test Questions and Answers Read question 1 Read answers for question 1 Read question 2 Read answers for question 2 Read question 3 Read answers for question 3 Read question 4 Read answers for question 4 Read question 5 Read answers for question 5 Read question 6 Read answers for question 6 Read question 7 Read answers for question 7 Read question 8 Read answers for question 8 Read question 9 Read answers for question 9 Read question 10 Read answers for question 10 Read question 11 Read answers for question 11 Read question 12 Read answers for question 12 Read question 13 Read answers for question 13 Read question 14 Read answers for question 14 Read question 15 Read answers for question 15 Read question 16 Read answers for question 16 Read question 17 Read answers for question 17 Read question 18 Read answers for question 18 Read question 19 Read answers for question 19 Read question 20 Read answers for question

What If Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What If - Essay Example If we are unable to establish some form of communication with others 'out there', there option of diplomatic advancement becomes extremely constrained. Hence, it is highly unlikely that we would be able to colonize any other planet. If we assume that the population of Eden2 can be communicated with, then it is in our best interest to take a diplomatic approach. By virtue of our assumption that they may be more technologically advanced then Earth, it would be illogical for us to choose invasion. The odds are we would be stopped, or eliminated from existence. Either way we do not leave a good impression of our species with the population of Eden2. Alternatively they may have evolved a society that is non-violent or even pacifist; however, it would be illogical to think that they would not have defences of some sort, especially given their advancement in technology. For example, they may have an impenetrable barrier around the planet or their places of dwelling; or firepower that is activated by too close an approach to their planet or dwelling; or they may be able to disarm their foe by way of being able to phase-shift (i.e. become invisible). Hence, we would need to approach in a friendly manner, take a slightly submissive role as guests in their part of the galaxy who looking for somewhere to live. We could assume that the population of Eden2 would want something in exchange for allowing us to colonize their planet, regardless of how friendly we are. As they may have more advanced technology it is unlikely that we would have much to offer in exchange. Alternatively, They may want something from us that we do not want to give, which leaves a lot to the imagination and calls into question many other assumptions that are better elucidated in my next sci-fi book (assuming my first gets published!). However, the idea that another species would engage in Earth behaviours such as reciprocity, 'scratch my back I'll scratch yours', or 'survival of the fittest', is purely a human concept. As we are currently unable to, and most of us not interested in, communication with the myriad of species we now co-habit with, we are unable to conceive of different ways of negotiating or problem-solving. We have only our human perspective as the frame of reference from which to draw on, and so likely we are projecting our human concepts onto another species.Given their probable higher levels of technology we could assume that they have advanced sociological systems as well, seeing as they have not used up all the natural resources on their planet, nor are nearing exte rmination of themselves through technology advancement. Although, from an Earth perspective, we have no evidence to support the assumption that advanced technology will ensures survival, given our present predicament. In the short-term, Earthlings can look forward to an extended life-span as compared to 100 years ago, thanks to technologic advancement. However, we also have decreased fertility rates and rising 'grey' populations in the West; overpopulation and appalling poverty in 'developing' nations; as well as mass species extinction and ecological breakdowns; pollution, depleted natural resources and global warming. The evidence suggests that advancements in our technology will not ensure our survival. Assuming that Eden2 has advanced socially, we could assume that they would be open to diplomatic negotiations regarding our colonization of their planet. Being socially advanced they would need to have ways of accommodating other